Elevated cerebrospinal fluid Galectin-9 is associated with central nervous system immune activation and poor cognitive performance in older HIV-infected individuals.
Title | Elevated cerebrospinal fluid Galectin-9 is associated with central nervous system immune activation and poor cognitive performance in older HIV-infected individuals. |
Publication Type | Journal Article |
Year of Publication | 2019 |
Authors | Premeaux, TA, D'Antoni, ML, Abdel-Mohsen, M, Pillai, SK, Kallianpur, KJ, Nakamoto, BK, Agsalda-Garcia, M, Shiramizu, B, Shikuma, CM, Gisslén, M, Price, RW, Valcour, V, Ndhlovu, LC |
Journal | J Neurovirol |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 2 |
Pagination | 150-161 |
Date Published | 2019 04 |
ISSN | 1538-2443 |
Keywords | Adult, Age Factors, Anti-HIV Agents, Antigens, CD, Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Biomarkers, Case-Control Studies, Central Nervous System, Cognition, External, Female, Galectins, HIV Infections, HIV-1, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neopterin, Neuropsychological Tests, Receptors, Cell Surface, RNA, Viral, Viremia |
Abstract | We previously reported that galectin-9 (Gal-9), a soluble lectin with immunomodulatory properties, is elevated in plasma during HIV infection and induces HIV transcription. The link between Gal-9 and compromised neuronal function is becoming increasingly evident; however, the association with neuroHIV remains unknown. We measured Gal-9 levels by ELISA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of 70 HIV-infected (HIV+) adults stratified by age (older > 40 years and younger < 40 years) either ART suppressed or with detectable CSF HIV RNA, including a subgroup with cognitive assessments, and 18 HIV uninfected (HIV-) controls. Gal-9 tissue expression was compared in necropsy brain specimens from HIV- and HIV+ donors using gene datasets and immunohistochemistry. Among older HIV+ adults, CSF Gal-9 was elevated in the ART suppressed and CSF viremic groups compared to controls, whereas in the younger group, Gal-9 levels were elevated only in the CSF viremic group (p < 0.05). CSF Gal-9 positively correlated with age in all groups (p < 0.05). CSF Gal-9 tracked with CSF HIV RNA irrespective of age (β = 0.33; p < 0.05). Higher CSF Gal-9 in the older viremic HIV+ group correlated with worse neuropsychological test performance scores independently of age and CSF HIV RNA (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CSF Gal-9 directly correlated with myeloid activation (CSF-soluble CD163 and neopterin) in both HIV+ older groups (p < 0.05). Among HIV+ necropsy specimens, Gal-9 expression was increased in select brain regions compared to controls (p < 0.05). Gal-9 may serve as a novel neuroimmuno-modulatory protein that is involved in driving cognitive deficits in those aging with HIV and may be valuable in tracking cognitive abnormalities. |
DOI | 10.1007/s13365-018-0696-3 |
Alternate Journal | J Neurovirol |
PubMed ID | 30478799 |
PubMed Central ID | PMC6506351 |
Grant List | U24 MH100929 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States U24 MH100925 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States U54 NS043049 / NS / NINDS NIH HHS / United States R01 MH112457 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States U54 MD007601 / MD / NIMHD NIH HHS / United States U54 MD007584 / MD / NIMHD NIH HHS / United States P01 DA026134 / DA / NIDA NIH HHS / United States R01 NS094067 / NS / NINDS NIH HHS / United States U24 MH100931 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States R21 NS106970 / NS / NINDS NIH HHS / United States U24 MH100928 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States K24 MH098759 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States U24 MH100930 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States |